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MANILA, Philippines鈥擜s the impacts of non-traditional and existential threats to humanity spill beyond borders and affect not only states but regions across the globe, national efforts to address security issues were found to be no longer sufficient.

鈥淭he impact of non-traditional security issues are not only threats to people鈥檚 security but also to national sovereignty and territorial integrity,鈥� said Dr. Mely Caballero-Anthony, professor and head of the Centre for Non-Traditional Security (NTS) Studies at S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, in a special paper.

Human security issues, according to Caballero-Anthony, are virtually anything that constitutes a threat to a person. Within these human security issues, however, are two groups of threats: state-sponsored military and non-military.

鈥淎nything that is technically non-military is commonly regarded as a non-traditional security (NTS) issue, be it local or transnational in nature,鈥� she said.

鈥淪ome examples are the spread of infectious diseases, natural disasters, resource scarcity, transborder pollution and environmental degradation, irregular migration, transnational crime, but also threats such as state-sponsored violence on domestic populations and the emergence of non-state armed actor,鈥� she added.

As trans-border implications of NTS become more prevalent amid the pandemic, Caballero-Anthony said the focus should be on implementing comprehensive approaches beyond the usual political-security measures.

NTS: 鈥榯rans-border, existential threats鈥�

Such comprehensive approaches include socio-economic policies, the humanitarian use of military force, and cooperation among nations.

Caballero-Anthony emphasized setting out key policy priorities and performing regular comprehensive risk assessment and management strategies in dealing with threats brought by NTS.

Foremost among these threats included pandemics and climate change, which have been emphasized by UN Secretary-General Ant贸nio Guterres in a statement last year.

鈥淭he COVID-19 pandemic has shown the devastation that so-called non-traditional security threats can cause, on a global scale,鈥� Guterres said.

鈥淧reventing and addressing the poverty, food insecurity, and displacement caused by climate disruption contributes to sustaining peace and reducing the risk of conflict,鈥� he added.

The pandemic, according to Caballero-Anthony, has also highlighted that health security is fundamental to international peace and security.

鈥淔or a region that is no stranger to pandemic outbreaks, COVID-19 and its severe consequences serve as a grim reminder of the fragility of peace and security in Asia,鈥� she said.

READ: Health reform in PH through people-centered health agenda

Meanwhile, in addressing climate change鈥攚hich she said has cross-cutting consequences鈥攖he government must consider the risks brought by climate change to conflict settings 鈥渋n countries where peace is fragile.鈥�

鈥淭hese kinds of issues need a whole-of-government approach to allow for comprehensive ways to deal with multiple consequences 鈥� from food crisis caused by extreme weather events, diseases, forced migration, conflicts, and instability.鈥�

READ: 鈥楾he kids aren鈥檛 alright鈥�: Global warming elevates risks to children

READ: 鈥楨co-anxiety鈥�: PH children among most stressed by climate crisis

Multi-national cooperation

Caballero-Anthony likewise pointed out in her special paper that NTS threats likewise underscore the importance of multinational cooperation.

鈥淭he trans-border nature of these challenges compels states to work closer together,鈥� she said.

Think tank Stratbase ADR Institute, meanwhile, said the same themes of both traditional and non-traditional security and strategy reassessment were discussed during the launch of Elusive Balances: Shaping U.S.-Southeast Asia Strategy鈥攁 book by Dr. Prashanth Parameswaran, deputy head of research for Bower Group Asia.

鈥淗eld April 5 and organized by think tank Stratbase ADR Institute in partnership with Bower Group Asia, the forum titled 鈥楾he Future of US Commitment: The Outlook Under Biden and Beyond鈥� tackled how the United States is navigating its complex and role before its domestic, regional and global audience,鈥� the think tank said in a statement.

鈥淒r. Parameswaran said the linkages between the US and the Philippines go beyond the security and trade in the economic dimension, which explains the resistance to the Duterte administration鈥檚 pivot to China from public opinion, institutional structures, the military, and the elite establishment,鈥� it added.

Stratbase ADR Institute president Professor Victor Andres 鈥淒indo鈥� Manhit said the management of global and regional issues鈥攊ncluding pandemics, climate change, and other NTS threats鈥斺�渞equires seeing the Philippines as part of an interconnected and networked international society.鈥�

鈥淭his will involve the development and implementation of a long-term program that will focus on the re-evaluation of the country鈥檚 foreign policy direction, economic initiatives, and the establishment of new alliances and strategic partnerships,鈥� said Manhit.

Electing right leaders

Manhit also highlighted the importance of choosing the right leaders who have a 鈥渟olid plan鈥� and would pass crucial policies to achieve human security鈥攚hich he said covers many areas that affect the daily lives and prospects of Filipinos.

鈥淲e the people should be more aware of its scope, and we should demand that the candidates vying for our votes should clearly reveal how they plan to attain human security if they get elected,鈥� he said.

鈥淪ecurity comes in many forms. Our best bet is a leader who understands the depth, breadth, and complexity and how human security will be guaranteed for all Filipinos,鈥� he added.

In exactly three weeks and five days from now, the country鈥檚 future will be at the hands of millions of eligible voters who are expected to determine the country鈥檚 next leaders.

TSB